Medieval Bibliography #3: Gregory VII & Medieval Papacy

1. GREGORY THE GREAT: TEXTS & TRANSLATIONS

Some have called Gregory (d.604) the greatest pope. He stands at the cusp between late antiquity and the early Middle Ages. Gregory was an able local administrator who repaired Rome’s aqueducts and fended off barbarian invaders. He also saw the papacy in a world-wide perspective, offering sage pastoral guidance to Christians in North Africa and initiating the great Christian mission to England. He also lived in a world that was falling apart: an empire collapsing around him, an Italy devastated by the Black Plague. He saw himself as pope for the endtimes—and spoke movingly of the meaning of suffering in his magisterial sermons on the Book of Job.

Opera omnia: PL 75-79 / PLS 4:1525-1585.

Expositiones in Canticum canticorum: P. Verbraken, ed., Expositiones in Canticum canticorum, Expositiones in librum primum Regum, CCSL 144 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1963); R. Bélanger, ed., Commentaire sur le Cantique des cantiques, Sources chrétiennes 314 (Paris: Cerf, 1984).

Expositiones in librum primum Regum: P. Verbraken, ed., Expositiones in Canticum canticorum, Expositiones in librum primum Regum, CCSL 144 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1963); A. de Vogüé and C. Vuillaume, eds., Grégoire le Grand: Commentaire sur le premier livre des Rois, 2 vol., Sources chrétiennes 351, 391 (Paris: Cerf, 1989- )

Homiliae xl in Evangelia: Raymond Étaix, ed., Homiliae in Evangelia, CCSL 141 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1999); Raymond Étaix, Charles Morel, Bruno Judic, eds., Grégoire le Grand: Homélies sur l’évangile, Sources chrétiennes 485 (Paris: Éditions du Cerf, 2005).

Homiliae in Hezechielem: M. Adriaen, ed., Sancti Gregorii Magni Homiliae in Hiezechihelem prophetam, CCSL 142 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1971); C. Morel, ed., Grégoire le Grand: Homélies sur Ezéchiel, 2 vols., SC 327 [Bk. I, homilies, 1-12], 360 [Bk. II, homilies 1-10, 1990] (Paris: Cerf, 1986-1990).

Moralia in Job: M. Adriaen, ed., Moralia in Job, 3 vols., CCSL 143, 143A, 143B (Turnhout: Brepols, 1979-1985); R. Gillet, A. de Gaudemaris, and A. Bocognano, Grégoire le Grand: Morales sur Job, Sources Chrétiennes 32bis [Bk. I-II, 1975], 212 [Bks. XI-XIV, 1974], 221 [Bks. XV-XVI, 1975], 476 [Bks. XXVIII-XXIX, 2003], 525 [Bks. XXX-XXXII, 2009], 538 [Bks. XXXIII-XXXV, 2010] (Paris: Cerf, 1952-2010).

Registrum epistularum: PL 77:431-1327 [Epistolarum libri quartordecim]; D. Norberg, ed., S. Gregorii Magni Registrum epistularum, 2 vols., CCSL 140-140A (Turnhout: Brepols, 1982); P. Minard, ed., Grégoire le Grand: Registre des lettres, SC 370 [Bk. I, 1991] 371 [Bk. II, 1991], 520 (2008) [Bks. III-IV] (Paris: Cerf, 1991-2008)

Regula pastoralis: B. Judic, F. Rommel, and C. Morel, eds., Grégoire le Grand: Règle pastorale, 2 vols., SC 381-382 (Paris: Cerf, 1992).

Dialogi: A. de Vogüé and P. Antin, eds., Grégoire le Grand: Dialogues, 3 vols., SC 251, 260, 265 (Paris: Cerf, 1978-1980) [Book 2: De vita et miraculis venerabilis Benedicti]

Vita: B. Colgrave, ed., The Earliest Life of Gregory the Great by an Anonymous Monk of Whitby (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).

Translations: Gregory the Great: An old translation of many of his works is found in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, 2nd series, vol. 12 (1895; reprint: Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1995)

James Bliss, trans. Morals on the Book of Job by S. Gregory the Great, Library of the Fathers; vol. 40 [Bks. 1-10]; vol. 41 [Bks. 11-22]; vol. 42 [Bks. 23-29]; vol. 43 [Bks. 30-35] (Oxford: J.H. Parker, 1844-1850).

B. Colgrave, ed., The Earliest Life of Gregory the Great by an Anonymous Monk of Whitby (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).

Henry Davis, trans., St. Gregory the Great: Pastoral Care, Ancient Christian Writers 11 (Westminster, Md.: Newman, 1950).

Mark DelCogliano, ed. and trans., Gregory the Great: On the Song of Songs, Cistercian Studies 244 (Collegeville, MN: Cistercian Publications, 2012) paperback, $35. NEW.

George E. Demacopoulos, trans., St. Gregory the Great: The Book of Pastoral Rule, Popular Patristics series 34 (Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 2007).

David Hurst, ed., Gregory the Great: Forty Gospel Homilies, Cistercian Studies 123 (Kalamazoo: Cistercian, 1990).

Terrence G. Kardong, trans., The Life of Saint Benedict by Gregory the Great (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2009).

John R.C. Martyn, John, ed. and trans., The Letters of Gregory the Great, 3 vol., Medieval Sources in Translation 40 (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 2004).

John Moorhead, Gregory the Great, Early Church Fathers (New York / London: Routledge, 2005). This has excerpts from his Moralia in Job, Homiles on Ezekiel, Homilies on the Gospels, Pastoral Rule.

Denys Turner, trans., Eros and Allegory: Medieval Exegesis of the Song of Songs (Kalamazoo, MI: Cisterian Publications, 1995), 215-255. This has a translation of Gregory's Commentary on the Song of Songs (Expositio in Canticum Canticorum).

O.J. Zimmerman, ed., Gregory the Great: Dialogues, Fathers of the Church 39 (Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1959).

2. GREGORY THE GREAT & THE EARLY PAPACY: STUDIES

Eamon Duffy, Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes, 3rd ed. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007). A magnificently illustrated one-volume history of the papacy originally designed to accompany a 6-part television series. Duffy, a Reformation historian by training, threads his way with finesse through a complex, many-sided history. His well-written & smooth narrative sometimes glides over debates between scholars on various issues, especially those concerning the early history of the papacy. A superb point-of-entry and overview.

R.A. Markus, Gregory the Great and His World, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997). This is a superb biography setting Gregory in the context of his world. The place to start

Peter Brown, “Regimen Animarum: Gregory the Great,” in The Rise of Western Christendom (Oxford: Blackwell, 2003), 133-147.

John A. Cavadini, ed., Gregory the Great: A Symposium, Notre Dame Studies in Theology (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2001).

Kate Cooper and Julia Hillner, eds., Religion, Dynasty, and Patronage in Early Christian Rome, 300-900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).

G.R. Evans, The Thought of Gregory the Great (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).

J. Fontaine, R. Gillet, and S. Pellistrandi, eds., Grégoire le Grand: Chantilly, Centre culturel Les Fontaines, 15–19 septembre 1982—actes (Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1986).

Conrad Leyser, Authority and Asceticism from Augustine to Gregory the Great (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).

P. Llewellyn, “The Roman Church in the Seventh Century: the Legacy of Gregory I,” Journal of Ecclesiastical History 25 (1974): 363-380.

Robert A. Markus, From Augustine to Gregory the Great (London: Variorum Reprints, 1983). A valuable collection of essays. See especially: “Gregory the Great and the Origins of Papal Missionary Strategy,” reprinted from Studies in Church History 6 (1970) 29-38.

William D. McCready, Signs of Sanctity: Miracles in the Thought of Gregory the Great, Studies and Texts 91 (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1989).

Bernard McGinn, The Growth of Mysticism: 500 to 1200 A.D. (New York: Crossroad, 1994). See Chapter 2 (pp. 34-79) for a superb study of Gregory as a contemplative.

John Moorhead, Gregory the Great, Early Church Fathers (New York / London: Routledge, 2005).

Thomas F.X. Noble, The Republic of St. Peter: the Birth of the Papal State, 680-825, Middle Ages Series (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1984).

Joan M. Petersen, The Dialogues of Gregory the Great in Their Late Antique Cultural Background, Studies and Texts 69 (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1984).

Jeffrey Richards, The Consul of God: The Life and Times of Gregory the Great (Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980).

Carole Straw, Gregory the Great: Perfection in Imperfection, Transformation of the Classical Heritage 14 (Berkeley: University of California, 1988).

Susan Wessel, Leo the Great and the Spiritual Rebuilding of a Universal Rome, Supplement to Vigilae Christianae (Boston / Leiden: Brill, 2008).

Gregorio Magno e il suo tempo: XIX Incontro di studiosi dell’antichità cristiana in collaborazione con l’École française de Rome, Roma, 9–12 maggio 1990, 2 vols., SEAug 33-34 (Rome: Institutum Patristicum Augustinianum, 1991).

3. GREGORY VII & THE MEDIEVAL PAPACY: TEXTS & TRANSLATIONS

H.E.J. Cowdrey, The Register of Pope Gregory VII, 1073-1085: An English Translation (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003). Gregory’s grand vision of the papacy is best found in his letters. A recent translation of key documents from the medieval papacy.

H.E.J. Cowdrey, ed., The Epistolae vagantes of Pope Gregory VII, Oxford Medieval Texts (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972).

James M. Powell, trans., The Deeds of Pope Innocent III, by an Anonymous Author (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2004).

Ian Robinson, trans., The Papal Reform of the Eleventh Century: Lives of Pope Leo IX and Pope Gregory VII, Manchester Medieval Sources (Manchester University Press, 2004).

Brian Tierney, ed., The Crisis of Church and State, 1050-1300, Medieval Academy Reprints for Teaching 21 (Toronto: University of Toronto, 1988). One of the best collections of material on the Investiture Controversy and the Gregorian reform.

Corinee J. Vause and Frank C. Gardiner, trans., Innocent III: Between God and Man: Six Sermons on the Priestly Office, Medieval Texts in Translation (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2004).

4. GREGORY VII & THE MEDIEVAL PAPACY: STUDIES

Colin Morris, The Papal Monarchy: The Western Church from 1050 to 1250, Oxford History of the Christian Church (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991). A fine study of the rise of the papacy, but also a first-rate survey of the crucial period which witnessed the ascendancy of much else: of the Crusades, of heresy, of the universities, of the mendicants.

Gerd Tellenbach, The Church in Western Europe from the Tenth to the Early Twelfth Century, Cambridge Medieval Textbooks (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993). Tellenbach, one of the deans of medieval studies, offers a nuanced study of the period that marks the rise of the papacy. He skillfully debunks easy-going generalizations about papal power and about church-state relations.

Geoffrey Barraclough, The Medieval Papacy, Library of World Civilization (New York: W.W. Norton, 1979).

Uta-Renate Blumenthal, The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century, Middle Ages Series (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988).

Uta-Renate Blumenthal, Papal Reform and Canon Law in the 11th and 12th Centuries (Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, 1998).

H.E.J. Cowdrey, Pope Gregory VII, 1073-1085 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).

Kathleen Cushing, Papacy and Law in the Gregorian Revolution, Oxford Historical Monographs (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).

Kathleen G. Cushing, Reform and the Papacy in the Eleventh Century: Spirituality and Social Change (Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 2005).

Andrew J. Ekonomou, Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes: Eastern Influences on Rome and the Papacy from Gregory the Great to Zacharias, A.D. 590-752 (Lexington Books, 2009).

Caroline Goodson, The Rome of Pope Paschal I: Papal Power, Urban Renovation, Church Rebuilding and Relic Translation, 817-824, Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).

Detlev and Horst Fuhrman, Papal Letters in the Early Middle Ages, History of Medieval Canon Law (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2001).

Richard Krautheimer, Rome, Profile of a City, 312-1308 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980).

C.H. Lawrence, ed., The English Church & the Papacy in the Middle Ages (Sutton, 1999).

John O’Malley, A History of the Popes: From Peter to the Present (Lanham, MD: Sheed & Ward, 2009).

Aristeides Papadakis & John Meyendorff, The Christian East and the Rise of the Papacy: The Church, 1071-1453 A.D. (Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1994). An orthodox viewpoint.

Kenneth Pennington, Popes and Bishops: The Papal Monarchy in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1984).

James M. Powell, ed., Innocent III: Vicar of Christ or Lord of the World? (Washington, DC: Catholic University Press, 1994).

Christopher Ryan, ed., Religious Roles of the Papacy: Ideals and Realities, 1150-1300, Papers in Mediaeval Studies 8 (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 1989).

I.S. Robinson, The Papacy, 1073-1198: Continuity and Innovation, Cambridge Medieval Textbooks (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990).

Jane Sayers, Innocent III, Leader of Europe, 1198-1216 (New York: Longman, 1994).

Gerd Tellenbach, Church, State, and Christian Society at the Time of the Investiture Contest, Medieval Academy Reprints for Teaching 27 (1940; reprint: Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991).

Susan Wood, The Proprietary Church in the Medieval West (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).

5. THE CRUSADES: TEXTS & STUDIES

Texts & Translations:

Torquato Tasso, The Liberation of Jerusalem, Oxford’s World Classics, trans. Max Wickert (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).

Geoffrey de Villehardouin & Jean de Joinville, Chronicles of the Crusades, trans. Margaret R. Shaw (New York: Penguin Book, 1963).

Studies:

Jonathan Riley-Smith, ed., The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995). When Pope Urban II called the first crusade in 1096, he set Western Christendom off on a path that would last for centuries: the idea of an armed pilgrimage. It is a complex many-sided affair which Riley-Smith and his contributors trace out with great skill. This is a good place to start.

Eric Christiansen, The Northern Crusades (New York: Penguin USA, 1998).

Robert de Clari, The Conquest of Constantinople, Medieval Academy Reprints for Teaching 36, trans. Edgar Holmes McNeal (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997).

John France, The Crusades and the Expansion of Catholic Christendom, 1000-1714 (New York: Routledge, 2005).

Carole Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (New York: Routledge, 2000).

Norman Housley, The Later Crusades, 1274-1580: From Lyons to Alcazar (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).

Norman Housley, Fighting for the Cross: Crusading to the Holy Land (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008).

Jacques Le Goff, Saint Louis, trans. Gareth Gollrad (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2009).

Amin Maalouf, The Crusades Through Arab Eyes (New York: Schocken Press, 1985).

Christopher MacEvitt, The Crusades and the Christian World of the East: Rough Tolerance (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008).

Hans Eberhard Mayer, The Crusades, 2nd ed., trans. John Gillingham (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988).

Mark Gregory Pegg, A Most Holy War: The Albigensian Crusade and the Battle for Christendom, Pivotal Moments in World History series (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).

Edward M. Peters, The First Crusade: The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials, Middle Ages Series (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998).

Jonathan Phillips, The Second Crusade: Extending the Frontiers of Christendom (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008).

Jean Richard, The Crusades, c.1071-c.1291, Cambridge Medieval Textbooks (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).

Jonathan Riley-Smith, The Crusades: a Short History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990).

Jonathan Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading, Middle Ages Series (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988).

Jonathan Riley-Smith, Templars and Hospitallers as Professed Religious in the Holy Land (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame, 2009).

Rebecca Rist, The Papacy and Crusading in Europe, 1198-1245 (New York: Continuum, 2012) paperback, $45. NEW.

Steven Runciman, History of the Crusades, 3 volumes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951-1954). Dated, but a classic.

Donald E. Queller, The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople, 2nd ed. (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999).

Joseph Strayer, The Albigensian Crusades (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1992).

Christopher Tyerman, God’s War: A New History of the Crusades (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press / Harvard University Press, 2008).

6. THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE & THE GREAT SCHISM

J.M. Hussey, The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire, Oxford History of the Christian Church (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986). A fine survey of Byzantine history and theology. It grapples with a range of key issues: the iconoclastic controversy, the Great Schism, and the Crusades.

Elizabeth Jeffreys, John Haldon, and Robin Cormack, eds., Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009). Leading contemporary Byzantine scholars here bring together the fruits of recent research. The place to start one.

John Binns, An Introduction to Christian Orthodox Churches (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).

Henry Chadwick, East and West: The Making of a Rift in the Church: From Apostolic Times Until the Council of Florence, Oxford History of the Christian Church (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003).

Robin Cormack, Byzantine Art, Oxford History of Art (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).

Jonathan Harris, End of Byzantium (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011).

Judith Herrin, Women in Purple: Rules of Medieval Byzantium (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002).

Romilly Jenkins, Byzantium: The Imperial Centuries, A.D. 610-1071, Medieval Reprints for Teaching 8 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991).

Alexander P. Kazhdan et al., The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, 3 vol. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991).

Derek Krueger, Byzantine Christianity, A People’s History of Christianity, vol. 3 (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2006).

Michael Maas, ed., The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian Cambridge Companions to Religion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).

John Meyendorff, Imperial Unity and Christian Divisions: the Church, 450-680 (Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir Seminary Press, 1989).

Aidan Nichols, Rome and the Eastern Churches: A Study in Schism (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1992).

John Julius Norwich, Byzantium: The Early Centuries (New York: Knopf, 1988).

John Julius Norwich, Byzantium: The Apogee (New York: Knopf, 1992).

Lyn Rodley, Byzantine Art and Architecture: An Introduction (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).

Steven Runciman, The Eastern Schism: A Study of the Papacy and the Eastern Churches During the XIth and XIIth Centuries (Oxford, 1953). Dated, but a classic.

Steven Runciman, The Fall of Constantinople, 1453 (reprint of 1965 edition: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).

Alice-Mary M. Talbot, Byzantine Defenders of Images: Eight Saints’ Lives in English Translation (Dumbarton Oaks, 1998).

Warren Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1997).

Mark Whittow, The Making of Byzantium, 600-1025 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).

7. BYZANTINE THEOLOGY: TEXTS & TRANSLATIONS

St. John of Damascus, Three Treatises on the Divine Images, Popular Patristics Series, trans. Andrew Louth (Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 2003).

St. Maximus the Confessor, On the Cosmic Mystery of Jesus Christ, Popular Patristics Series, trans. Paul M. Blowers & Robert L. Wilken (Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 2003).

St. Symeon the New Theologian, On the Mystical Life: The Ethical Discourses, Popular Patristics Series, trans. Alexander Golitizin (Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press). 3 volumes:

Vol. 1: The Church and the Last Things (2003).
Vol. 2: On Virtue and the Christian Life (1996).
Vol. 3: Life, Times, and Theology (1998).

Pauline Allen, ed., Sophronius of Jerusalem and Seventh-Century Heresy: The Synodical Letter and Other Documents, Oxford Early Christian Texts (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).

Pauline Allen & Bronwen Neil, Maximus Confessor and His Companions: Documents From Exile (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002).

Brian E. Daley, trans., On the Dormition of Mary: Early Patristic Homilies, Popular Patristics series (Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1997).

Daniel K. Griggs, trans., Divine Eros: Hymns of St. Symeon the New Theologian, Popular Patristics series (Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 2011) paperback, $28. NEW.

Daniel J. Sahas, ed., Icon and Logos: Sources in Eighth-Century Iconoclasm (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998).

Abraham Terian, ed., Macarius of Jerusalem: Letter to the Armenians, Avant Series 4 (St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 2008).

H.J.M. Turner, ed., The Epistles of St. Symeon the New Theologian, Oxford Early Christian Texts (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).

8. BYZANTINE THEOLOGY: STUDIES

Hilarion Alfeyev, St. Symeon the New Theologian and Orthodox Tradition, Oxford Early Christian Studies (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).

Sergius Bulgarov, The Burning Bush: On the Orthodox Veneration of the Mother of God (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2009).

Sarah Coakley and Charles M. Stang, Re-thinking Dionysius the Areopagite, Directions in Modern Theology (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009).

Robin Cormack, Icons (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007).

Roman Cholij, Theodore the Stoudite: The Ordering of Holiness (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).

Wilfried Hartmann and Kenneth Pennington, eds., The History of Byzantine and Eastern Canon Law to 1500, History of Medieval Canon Law series, vol. 4 (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2012) hardcover, $60. NEW.

Vladimir Lossky, The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church (reprint of 1953 edition: Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1997).

Andrew Louth, St. John Damascene: Tradition and Originality in Byzantine Theology, Oxford Early Christian Studies (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002).

John Anthony McGuckin, Standing in God’s Holy Fire: The Byzantine Tradition (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 2001).

John Meyendorff, Christ in Eastern Christian Thought (Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1987).

John Meyendorff, Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes, 2nd ed. (New York: Fordham University Press, 1987).

Jaroslav Pelikan, The Spirit of Eastern Christendom (600-1700), vol. 2 of The Christian Tradition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978).

Tomas Spidlik, The Spirituality of the Christian East: A Systematic Handbook, Cistercian Studies 79 (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1986).